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To investigate the impact of early environment on human intelligence, research was conducted by Skeels and Dye in an orphanage on infants whose intellectual development at nineteen months was judged so poor that they were considered ① unfit for adoption. Transferred to an institution for the mentally disabled, each child was arranged by the researchers to ② be put under the personal care of an adolescent girl who herself had limited intellectual ability. The girls, however, prior to meeting the infants, ③ having been instructed in how to “mother” the children, gave them attention, affection, and mental stimulation. When Skeels did a follow-up study of these same subjects twenty-seven years later, not only had most of the orphans graduated from high school, but one third had also gone to college, all of whom were self-supporting and rated as normal. Without such dedicated care, the infants' intellectual potential could not ⑤ have been developed much.

The morning pages are three pages of "free writing," ideally done first thing in the morning. The concept is simple. Get up every morning, pick up a pen and a notebook, and write whatever crosses your mind until you have filled three pages. The technique was originally developed to help writers and artists overcome a loss of creativity, but anybody can use it to create a better life. <Chatting> Student: Writing three pages of random thoughts every single morning doesn't seem easy at all. Teacher: I understand. But you don't have to worry about the quality; it's just about letting your thoughts flow and filling the pages. Student: Oh, I see. Then it's more about the habit than the writing itself. I can't wait to start tomorrow! Teacher: Exactly. ______ using a notebook and a pen. Isn't it simple?